Temporal Altitudinal Biogeographic Shifts (tabs): R package for reconstructing biogeographic shifts in terrestrial and marine systems over time

Past climate fluctuations have profoundly influenced the global distribution of biomes, ecosystems and species, altering their altitude, spatial configuration, area, and connectivity. Notable examples include island archipelagos and alpine biomes, where shifts in sea levels and forest lines respectively reshaped their spatial structures. To understand how such changes affected species distributions and biodiversity patterns, we require spatially explicit reconstructions over continuous time series. However, a comprehensive and reproducible methodology that captures their spatio-temporal dynamism is lacking. Here, we introduce the R package Temporal Altitudinal Biogeographic Shifts ( tabs ), a tool designed for reconstructing spatial configurations over time, focusing on biogeographic systems bounded by an altitudinal range. We demonstrate the use of tabs by modelling spatial configurations of island archipelagos and alpine biomes in response to fluctuations in sea levels and forest lines. Unique to tabs , it can also account for geophysical effects on regional sea levels, and for geotectonic topographic changes. Beyond past reconstructions, tabs can project spatial configurations shaped by future climatic conditions. This versatile package is easily adaptable to various altitude-bounded biogeographic systems influenced by long-term climatic variations, such as coral reefs and shelf seas. Studying the shifts in biogeographic systems through continuous spatial reconstructions, rather than snapshots in time such as the Last Glacial Maximum, captures the nuances of continuously changing environments and provides a more complete understanding of the biogeography of our planet. tabs R package enables detailed spatio-temporal reconstructions of biogeographic systems along altitudinal gradients. Designed with user-friendliness in mind, it offers a streamlined setup, enabling researchers to start reconstructions quickly without extensive technical expertise. tabs is applicable to diverse biogeographic systems, including islands, coastal zones, and alpine biomes. It provides flexibility to tailor input data, parameters, and settings according to specific local conditions and research objectives. tabs generates outputs using a standardised data structure and open data formats, enabling effective analysis and presentation of results.