A Practical Gateway-Based Interoperability Framework for Blockchains in Web3

As blockchain technology evolves to support a wide range of Web3 services, seamless interoperability between heterogeneous blockchain platforms has emerged as a key technical challenge. Existing studies mainly address interoperability in homogeneous environments, often neglecting critical platform-specific factors such as consensus mechanisms, asset models, and block generation parameters. Additionally, current standards by ISO and ITU-T define architectural frameworks but fall short in offering practical guidance for real-world implementation. This paper introduces a practical gateway-based interoperability framework designed to support dynamic and policy-driven interactions across diverse blockchain networks. The proposed architecture decouples interoperability logic from blockchain-specific interfaces, enabling modular scalability and flexible integration. Interoperability policies are defined with respect to consensus trust levels, transaction types, and asset compatibility to ensure atomicity and consistency in cross-chain operations. To validate the approach, we implemented a cross-chain asset transfer scenario between Hyperledger Fabric and Hyperledger Besu (Private Ethereum). The case study demonstrates high success rates, low latency, and consistent data integrity, confirming the framework’s practical applicability in Web3 environments. Future work will explore enhanced support for asynchronous execution, trust-based transaction control, and regulatory compliance in cross-jurisdiction blockchain interactions.