Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Sulfur–Nitrogen Co‐Doped TiO ₂ Nanoparticles Synthesized using <i>Dactylorhiza hatagirea</i> Root Extract

Abstract Environmental pollution significantly threatens ecosystems and human health, necessitating effective solutions for pollutants. Photocatalytic degradation has been a promising, effective, and sustainable approach for addressing this challenge due to its efficiency and sustainability. This work describes the green synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur co‐doped titanium oxide nanoparticles (N,S co‐doped TiO 2 NPs) using Dactylorhiza hatagirea root extract and investigated their photocatalytic degradation performance for methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a uniform spherical morphology with an average size of 155 nm. The successful doping and structural properties of TiO 2 were studied using SEM, XRD, FTIR, DLS, and UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. Photocatalytic tests demonstrated a remarkable degradation efficiency of 99.5% for MO within 45 min under optimal conditions (pH 12, 30 mg photocatalyst, 10 ppm MO concentration). LC–MS analysis revealed the degradation pathway, identifying various intermediate products. This study underscores the potential of green‐synthesized N,S co‐doped TiO 2 NPs for efficient photocatalytic applications and developing sustainable environmental remediation technologies with advantages of ecological preservation and public health.