Lower critical solution temperature-responsive deep eutectic solvent: a novel tool for triazole fungicide residue analysis in environmental water samples

Switchable deep eutectic solvents have attracted increasing attention from researchers due to their unique characteristics of responding to the external environment. In this experiment, a series of temperature-responsive deep eutectic solvents (TRDESs) were prepared with temperature as the response condition and combined with homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction (HLLME) for the detection of six triazole pesticides in environmental water. TRDES-HLLME achieved excellent linearity for pesticides (<i>R</i>² > 0.9968). The enrichment factors (EFs) ranged from 26 to 34. Additionally, the limits of detection (LODs) and the limits of quantification (LOQs) varied between 1.24 and 2.76 μg L^-1 and 4.12 to 9.19 μg L^-1, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of all target analytes were below 5.5% and 7.4%, respectively. Spiked recoveries ranged from 74.1% to 110.0%. TRDES-HLLME's superior greenness and broad applicability were validated through the implementation of three distinct green assessment tools.