Uncovering the structural integrity, atomic dynamics and electromagnetic traits of X-type hexagonal ferrites: A comprehensive review

X-type hexaferrites due to remarkable magnetic tunability, dielectric stability, and inherent multifunctionality, have become runners in the field of high-frequency and microwave technologies. Their technological significance is highlighted by their significant potential in spintronics, stealth technology, and electromagnetic interface (EMI) shielding. The complex crystal structure of Ba2Me2Fe28O46 (Me = divalent metal ions) is examined in detail in this review, with particular attention paid to the interaction between synthesis pathways and functional behavior. The ability of advanced fabrication techniques to engineer phase purity and nanoscale precision is examined. The advancement of computational and experimental techniques has made it easier to precisely tune and characterize unit cell symmetry and lattice constants in crystals. Dielectric spectroscopy and magnetic hysteresis also provide deep insights into optimized reflection loss, permittivity enhancement, and coercivity modulation. The study provides a strategic framework for utilizing X-type hexaferrites in adaptive electromagnetic interfaces, radar systems, and next-generation electronics.