Synergistic Effects of Graphene Oxide, Titanium Dioxide, and Silver Nanoparticles on the Properties of Natural Rubber Latex

Abstract This study explores the properties of natural rubber latex reinforced with graphene oxide (GO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to develop sustainable and antimicrobial alternatives. The rubber composites were synthesized through latex mixing, a two‐roll mill process, and compression molding. A comprehensive analysis, including cure characteristics, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical testing, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, electrical resistivity, and swelling behavior, was conducted to assess the film properties. Optimized formulations incorporated 0.1 phr GO, 5 phr TiO 2 , and 0.2 phr AgNPs exhibited maximum strength (tensile strength: 26.3 MPa, tear strength: 49.4 N mm −1 ) and showed significant zone of inhibition against various strains like Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli , and Candida albicans . Thermal analysis showed stability up to 324 °C, while electrical resistivity revealed that the composites remained insulating up to 50 °C. This study delivers valuable understanding of the development of composite materials with inherent antimicrobial properties, robust mechanical performance, thermal stability, and controlled electrical behavior, offering promising applications in various fields.