Optimizing off-grid energy solutions: a hybrid approach leveraging solar, wind, and biomass for sustainable development

In this study, we analyzed the untapped energy potential of remote mountainous regions in eastern Morocco, thereby addressing the research gap on sustainable electrification in such areas. We proposed a hybrid energy system corresponding to the local conditions and integrated the solar, wind, and biomass energy using batteries and green hydrogen as storage systems, considering the grid as a backup. Simulations conducted using HOMER Pro indicate an annual energy output of 5.6 GWh from solar, 6.9 GWh from wind, and 1 GWh from biomass, thereby ensuring 100% renewable self-sufficiency. The system is highly cost-effective and achieves a levelized cost of energy of 0.024 $/kWh while significantly reducing the greenhouse gas emissions by over 99% for CO 2 and 100% for SO 2 . This study presents a sustainable, reliable, and economically viable solution for rural electrification, which concurs with SDG 7.