El impacto de la inteligencia artificial y las herramientas digitales en las asignaturas básicas de la educación superior

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital tools in higher education has transformed pedagogical methodologies, creating both opportunities and challenges in core subjects. This study examines the differential impact of these technologies on Mathematics, Language and Literature, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and Foreign Languages through a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, combining a systematic review of 312 indexed studies with semi-structured interviews of 15 experts. Results reveal significant performance improvements, particularly in STEM and language disciplines, though with limited effects on critical thinking and creativity. Key paradoxes are identified, such as the tension between learning personalization and outcome homogenization, alongside gaps in teacher training and equitable access. The conclusions emphasize the need for hybrid models integrating AI with traditional pedagogy, ethical protocols to mitigate biases, and discipline-specific strategies, proposing a framework for responsible implementations that balance technological innovation with educational quality.