Adaptive Gradient Loading Mechanism of Ball–Column Composite Bearings Considering Collar Deformation

To address the issue of uneven load and premature failure in ball–column composite bearings caused by ring deformation, this study develops a mechanical analysis model, considering ring deformation based on flexible ring theory and rolling bearing design. It systematically examines radial deflection of the ring and how key parameters affect load distribution and stress. The results demonstrate that the elastic deformation of the collar redistributes the load, reduces the roller column’s load-carrying efficiency, and disrupts the optimal load distribution mode. Increasing the number of loaded rolling elements significantly improves the load uniformity, reduces the peak contact stress, and enhances the overall load-carrying performance. By optimizing the clearance matching across three bearings rows, a load-adaptive gradient bearing mechanism is realized by dynamically transferring, 70–90% of the heavy-load optimal distribution. These findings address the domestic research gaps and offer theoretical support for the performance prediction and optimal design of integrated ball–column composite bearings.