The Indo-European Cognate Relationships dataset

The Indo-European Cognate Relationships (IE-CoR) dataset is an open-access relational dataset showing how related, inherited words ('cognates') pattern across 160 languages of the Indo-European family. IE-CoR is intended as a benchmark dataset for computational research into the evolution of the Indo-European languages. It is structured around 170 reference meanings in core lexicon, and contains 25731 lexeme entries, analysed into 4981 cognate sets. Novel, dedicated structures are used to code all known cases of horizontal transfer. All 13 main documented clades of Indo-European, and their main subclades, are well represented. Time calibration data for each language are also included, as are relevant geographical and social metadata. Data collection was performed by an expert consortium of 89 linguists drawing on 355 cited sources. The dataset is extendable to further languages and meanings and follows the Cross-Linguistic Data Format (CLDF) protocols for linguistic data. It is designed to be interoperable with other cross-linguistic datasets and catalogues, and provides a reference framework for similar initiatives for other language families.

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Publication Details

Journal
Scientific Data
Published
2025-09-02
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05445-3
Primary Topic
Language and cultural evolution
Type
article
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article

The Indo-European Cognate Relationships dataset

Nicholas Williams, Chundra Cathcart, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali, Thomas Jügel et al.
Scientific Data
Language and cultural evolution
article

The Indo-European Cognate Relationships dataset

Nicholas Williams, Chundra Cathcart, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali, Thomas Jügel, Ganesh Kumar Gupta, Arash Zeini, Harald Hammarström, Sherene Loi, Stephen M. Hewitt, Nicholas Sims‐Williams, Steve Pepper, Afsar Ali Khan, Muhammad Kamal Khan, Jérémie Delorme, Kim Schulte, Giovanni Abete, Matilde Serangeli, Martin Findell, Martin Joachim Kümmel, Henrik Liljegren, Éva Buchi, Arjen Versloot, Roland A. Pooth, Mojtaba Gheitasi, Paul Heggarty, Adam Benkato, Matthew Scarborough, Richard F. Strand, Lechosław Jocz, Tonya Kim Dewey-Findell, Michiel de Vaan, Hans-Jörg Bibiko, Fatemeh Nemati, Geoffrey Haig, Tiago Tresoldi, Mahnaz Talebi-Dastenaei, Tijmen Pronk, Cormac Anderson, Martin Macák, Paul Videsott, Peadar Ó Muircheartaigh, Manuel Widmer, Patrycja Markus, Christopher Lewin, Oleg Belyaev, Annemarie Verkerk, Ronald Kim, Russell D. Gray, Cassandra Freiberg, Maryam Nourzaei, Krzysztof Stroński, Nikos Liosis, Esther Baiwir, Steven N. Dworkin, Sabine Tittel, Matthew Boutilier, Britta Irslinger, Erik Anonby, Robert Tegethoff, Dong Hun Kim, Alexander Falileyev, Ulrich Geupel, Raheleh Izadifar, Shirin Adibifar, Petar Atanasov, Maria-Reina Bastardas, Lisa Shugert Bevevino, Giorgio Cadorini, Loïc Cheveau, Charalambos Christodoulou, Deniz Ekici, Shervin Farridnejad, Liudmila Khokhlova, Borana Lushaj, Parvin Mahmoudveysi, Masoud Mahommadirad, Sam Mersch, Baydaa Mustafa, Virginia Oogjen, Muhammed Ourang, Heather Pagan, Timothy S. Palmer, Mandar Purandare, Khwaja Rehman, Guto Rhys, Unn Røyneland, Muhammad Zaman Sagar, Jade Jørgen Sandstedt, Lars Steensland, Nikola Vuletić, Fiona Runge
article en

Abstract

The Indo-European Cognate Relationships (IE-CoR) dataset is an open-access relational dataset showing how related, inherited words ('cognates') pattern across 160 languages of the Indo-European family. IE-CoR is intended as a benchmark dataset for computational research into the evolution of the Indo-European languages. It is structured around 170 reference meanings in core lexicon, and contains 25731 lexeme entries, analysed into 4981 cognate sets. Novel, dedicated structures are used to code all known cases of horizontal transfer. All 13 main documented clades of Indo-European, and their main subclades, are well represented. Time calibration data for each language are also included, as are relevant geographical and social metadata. Data collection was performed by an expert consortium of 89 linguists drawing on 355 cited sources. The dataset is extendable to further languages and meanings and follows the Cross-Linguistic Data Format (CLDF) protocols for linguistic data. It is designed to be interoperable with other cross-linguistic datasets and catalogues, and provides a reference framework for similar initiatives for other language families.

Scientific DataVol. 12(1)
University College Dublin (IE), Universitat Jaume I (ES), Leiden University (NL), Uppsala University (SE), University of London (GB), Shahrekord University (IR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Statistics Denmark (DK), Berkeley College (US), University of Wisconsin–Madison (US), University of Nottingham (GB), Radboud University Nijmegen (NL), University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (PK), University of Auckland (NZ), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT), Universität Hamburg (DE), Philipps University of Marburg (DE), Stockholm University (SE), Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (FR), Bu-Ali Sina University (IR), Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (IT), Allama Iqbal Open University (PK), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle (FR), University of Oslo (NO), Universidad de Salamanca (ES), University of Basel (CH), University of Luxembourg (LU), Volda University College (NO), University of Zurich (CH), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR), Masaryk University (CZ), Université de Lille (FR), University of Cambridge (GB), University of Würzburg (DE), University of Michigan (US), Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (DK), Swiss National Museum (CH), Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig (DE), University of Surrey (GB), Université Rennes 2 (FR), Sabhal Mòr Ostaig (GB), SOAS University of London (GB), UNSW Sydney (AU), Ghent University (BE), University of Cyprus (CY), University of Oxford (GB), Geneeskundige en Gezondheidsdienst (NL), Development Initiatives (GB), Institute for African Studies (RU), Ilam University (IR), Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE), Laboratoire d'études sur les monothéismes (FR), Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française (FR), Film Independent (US), Institute of Linguistics (RU), The Jacob of Paradies University (PL), Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (DE), Institute of public health of Republic of Macedonia (MK), Hamburg Institut (Germany) (DE), University College of Islamabad (PK), Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (DE), University of Minnesota Morris (US), Grand Forks Air Force Base (US), Nottingham Trent University (GB), University of Zadar (HR), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (PL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PE), Carleton University (CA), Alzahra University (IR), University of Naples Federico II (IT), Universitat de Barcelona (ES), Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE), UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO), Université de Lorraine (FR), Ruhr University Bochum (DE), Persian Gulf University (IR), Saarland University (DE), Leipzig University (DE), University of Bamberg (DE), University of Westminster (GB), University of Edinburgh (GB)
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Language and cultural evolution
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