The Impact of HIV Infection and Aging on Periodontitis

Background: Periodontal disease is a common chronic inflammatory disease affecting the oral cavity involving the tissues supporting teeth. It is a significant oral health concern worldwide, particularly amongst individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Biological aging is associated with a natural decline in the immune system, which can also affect the severity of periodontitis and other potential risk factors. In people living with HIV (PLWH), the contribution of both the HIV infection and the aging process can lead to increased susceptibility to periodontal disease. Objectives: This paper aims to review the recent literature about the relationships between HIV infection and early aging and their impact on periodontitis, and to inform interested clinicians about the current literature on the intersection between and within these topics. Methods: This review explores the recent literature on the complex relationship between HIV, aging, and periodontitis. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Medline databases were used to find clinical research studies within the last 10 years to identify significant correlations between HIV, aging, and periodontitis. Results: These studies identify key pathogens, molecules, or cellular pathways that contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiologic processes that link HIV, aging, and periodontitis. This complex relationship is multifactorial, involving immune dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, and inflammatory pathways that still need further research. Conclusions: Overall, this exploration through molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the relationships between aging, HIV, and periodontitis can provide therapeutic implications for dental clinicians to prevent and treat their affected patients.