Sensory subtypes of children on the autism spectrum in Japan: Characteristics of participation and family functioning

This study aimed to identify sensory subtypes in preschool children on the autism spectrum in Japan and examine their associations with participation and family functioning. A total of 264 caregivers of preschool children aged 3-6 years on the autism spectrum participated in the study. Data were collected from 56 child development centers and medical institutions across Japan. Sensory features were assessed using the Japanese version of the Short Sensory Profile, and five sensory subtypes were identified: Taste/Smell Sensitive, Extremely Atypical, Mixed Sensory, Gravitational Insecurity and Motor Difficulty, and Adaptive. These subtypes were associated with distinct participation restrictions, such as activities of daily living (ADL)-related challenges in the Mixed Sensory group, leisure-related difficulties in the Taste/Smell Sensitive group, and limitations across all domains in the Extremely Atypical group. Significant differences in family functioning were also observed in domains related to interaction with the external environment of the family, with the Extremely Atypical group showing support needs. These findings underscore the importance of developing tailored intervention strategies for each sensory subtype.Lay abstractThis study examined the impact of differences in sensory processing on the daily lives of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder in Japan, as well as how these differences influence their families. Caregivers of children aged 3-6 years from 56 centers and medical institutions took part in the study. Through a questionnaire, we identified five sensory types among the children: those sensitive to taste and smell, those with highly unusual sensory responses, those with a mix of sensory challenges, those struggling with balance and movement, and those with more adaptive sensory responses. Each sensory type encountered specific challenges in daily activities. For example, children with mixed sensory challenges had difficulties with basic tasks such as eating or dressing, while those sensitive to taste and smell faced challenges in leisure activities. Children with highly unusual sensory responses experienced difficulties in all areas of daily life. These challenges also impacted family dynamics, especially in how families engaged with their surroundings. Families of children with highly unusual sensory responses often required additional support. Our findings emphasize the necessity for personalized support and intervention strategies tailored to each child's unique sensory subtype, which can enhance their participation in daily activities and promote their family's well-being.