Design and Analysis of a Cross-Plane Solenoid Engine for Torque Ripple Stability in Electric Vehicles

The Internal Combustion (IC) engine is recognized as one of the major contributors to environmental pollution. Consequently, the demand for alternative fuels has been increasing due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increasing environmental concerns. However, electric motors can cause instability at lower speeds, caused by torque ripples, which cannot be effectively resolved via the original motor structure. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes utilizing the boxer engine structure with a cross-plane crankshaft. To leverage this structural advantage of the IC engine, this study designs a solenoid-based engine, integrating the boxer engine composition and cross-plane crankshaft design. Since significant motion is not observed in the prototype engine. The present study, therefore, conducts a diagnosis of the engine’s failure to operate as intended, then gives a detailed analysis of the underlying causes and proposes potential solutions. Through numerical analysis, this study evaluates the efficiency of the refined engine.