Five pillars of transformative global citizenship education: toward integration of the rights of Indigenous Peoples and internally displaced peoples

This conceptual paper proposes a Global Citizenship Education (GCE) framework that is inclusive and supportive of the rights of two of the most marginalised communities: Indigenous Peoples and refugees/internally displaced persons. Despite the UN’s recognition, Indigenous Peoples still struggle for the right to self-determination, cultural identity, and ancestral territories. Similarly, the rights of internally displaced persons to livelihood, security, and self-determination are under threat, in addition to the lack of durable solutions to their displacement. The lack of recognition keeps both groups in a vicious cycle of poverty and vulnerability, and GCE has yet to incorporate their specific rights into its framework. Using two case studies, Indigenous Peoples in Taiwan and internally displaced persons in Azerbaijan, we propose a new approach to strengthen the integral role of human rights, especially of such vulnerable groups, in shaping GCE.