Inflammatory and miRNA-based signatures in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and non-immune hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism encompasses both autoimmune forms, notably Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and nonimmune hypothyroidism (NIHT), each driven by distinct molecular mechanisms. Despite overlapping clinical features, their specific molecular differences remain underexplored. This study aimed to compare the expression of inflammatory biomarkers (Calprotectin, Cyclophilin A, Endocan, Procalcitonin) and microRNAs (miR-223, miR-711) among HT, NIHT, and healthy individuals, evaluating their diagnostic relevance. A total of 120 participants were enrolled: 40 with HT, 40 with NIHT, and 40 healthy controls. Serum inflammatory markers were quantified via ELISA, and miRNA levels assessed using qRT-PCR normalized to U6 RNA. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, correlation, and ROC curve evaluation. Significant group differences were found in inflammatory marker levels (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with NIHT patients showing higher concentrations than HT and controls. miR-223 was notably upregulated in both HT and NIHT groups (<i>p</i> = 0.006), whereas miR-711 showed a non-significant downregulation. ROC analysis revealed miR-223 had the highest diagnostic value in distinguishing HT (AUC = 0.84) and NIHT (AUC = 0.85) from controls, outperforming other markers. Cyclophilin A also demonstrated strong discriminatory capability. These findings suggest that combined profiling of inflammatory markers and miRNAs - especially miR-223 and Cyclophilin A holds promise for improved diagnosis and understanding of hypothyroid subtypes.