Advances in particulate matter filtration via output-oriented triboelectric nanogenerators: from energy harvesting to system integration

Air pollution affects approximately 80% of the global population, increasing the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and ecosystem degradation, thereby underscoring the urgent need for advanced air purification technologies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), emerging as revolutionary energy conversion technologies, present a promising strategy for developing filtration systems that combine high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop with multifunctional capabilities such as antimicrobial activity, intelligent monitoring, and wearability. This review summarizes recent progress in TENG-based air filtration technologies, emphasizing advancements in energy harvesting efficiency, optimized energy transfer efficiency, and innovative structural designs. First, the fundamental mechanisms through which TENGs enhance filtration efficiency are analyzed. Subsequently, strategies for improving energy harvesting efficiency are explored in detail, focusing on enhancing filtration performance through material modification, chemical doping, and charge displacement. Additionally, the contributions of energy transfer efficiency and structural engineering in driving filtration performance improvements are discussed. Finally, the review identifies key challenges in TENG-based air filtration, including long-term stability, environmental adaptability, and economic viability, while exploring their potential for enabling intelligent and personalized air filtration systems. Overcoming these challenges is expected to foster continued advancements in next-generation smart air filtration technologies, propelling the development of cleaner and healthier environments.