Global Status of Infectious Diseases from January to June of 2025

In the first half of 2025, cholera, mpox, measles, dengue fever, chikungunya, malaria, and Zika virus spread globally, and severe outbreaks occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Afghanistan. The primary drivers were enhanced pathogen adaptability and healthcare system vulnerabilities. These diseases showed remarkable spatial heterogeneity and dynamic evolution, influenced by climate, healthcare resources, and vector control. Temperature and precipitation played major roles in mosquito-borne disease transmission, and rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns extended the zones of vector suitability. Four major challenges in arboviral disease control are summarized herein: vector ecology complexity, diagnostic-therapeutic access disparities, fragility of public health infrastructure, and climate-driven transmission expansion. Future prospects and recommendations include enhancing international cooperation, innovating prevention and control technologies, boosting public health system capacity, and addressing climate change to decrease the risk of mosquito-borne disease transmission.