Prevalence of Thyroid Cancer in Diyala Province, Iraq

Background: Thyroid cancer is a significant global health concern, with variations in incidence based on demographic and environmental factors. Objective: This study aims to investigate the incidence of thyroid cancer in Diyala province by analyzing demographic and epidemiological patterns among patients. Methods: This retrospective observational study, conducted at Baqubah Teaching Hospital in Diyala Governorate from February to December 2024, analyzes demographic and epidemiological patterns of thyroid cancer among 100 patients. The study examines age, gender, and living conditions as potential risk factors using statistical analysis. Results: The findings indicated a higher prevalence of thyroid cancer in females, who accounted for 72.2% of diagnosed cases. The most affected age group was 41-50 years, followed by 31-40 years, 51-60 years, and <30 years with no cases reported in individuals over 60. Living conditions also played a crucial role, as 88.9% of diagnosed cases were from rural areas, suggesting environmental factors may influence risk. Papillary carcinoma was the most common subtype, comprising 83% of cases, while follicular carcinoma accounted for 17%. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in age distribution between male and female patients, but a significant difference in prevalence between rural and urban dwellers. The findings align with global trends, emphasizing the greater susceptibility of women to thyroid cancer, potentially linked to hormonal influences. The study also underscores the higher incidence in rural populations, possibly due to environmental exposures and healthcare access disparities. Limitations include the retrospective design and gender imbalance in the sample, which may affect generalizability. Conclusion: This study reinforces the need for targeted screening programs, especially for high-risk groups, and further research into genetic and hormonal factors influencing thyroid cancer development.