Assessing spatiotemporal variability in melt–refreeze patterns in firn over Greenland with CryoSat-2

Abstract. In recent decades, satellite radar altimetry has been widely used to assess volume changes over the Greenland Ice Sheet. In particular, melt events result in drastic changes in the volume scattering of firn, which induces a pronounced change in the parameters derived from radar altimeter data. Due to the recent and increasingly frequent melt events over Greenland, the impacts of these events on the firn condition, i.e. the formation of ice lenses and reduction in firn air content, need to be better understood. This study therefore exploits the ability of long-term CryoSat-2 data to indicate changes in firn volume scattering in order to assess the spatiotemporal firn condition variations in Greenland. More specifically, this study utilises the leading edge width (LeW) parameter derived from CryoSat-2 Low Resolution Mode data, which has been proven to be a parameter strongly sensitive to changes in volume scattering, and assesses its variation between September 2010 and September 2024. With a combined analysis of remote sensing observations, in situ observations, and outputs from regional climate models, our study demonstrates that the LeW drop induced by extreme melt events in the interior of Greenland experiences a gradual recovery, which can potentially be explained by new-snow deposition. However, in many high-elevation regions of Greenland where firn layers were originally dry, the recent recurrence of extensive melt has prevented a full recovery of the firn volume scattering to pre-2012 conditions, indicating a persistent increase in firn density under a changing climate. Finally, our study also confirms the utility of radar altimeter data for long-term monitoring of the impact of melt and refreezing events on the properties of the upper firn layer.