POLITICAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF INTELLECTUALS DURING MARTIAL LAW: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the specific features of the political and legal responsibility of intellectuals during martial law, based on international experience. It is argued that during martial law, political responsibility acquires the character of a special integration between its political and legal components.The study examines the main dimensions of the political and legal responsibility of intellectuals – moral, civic, historical, and legal – with an emphasis on the specifics of their manifestation under conditions of martial law. It is demonstrated that particular forms of responsibility of intellectuals are reflected through academic responsibility and professional responsibility.It is shown that during wartime, intellectuals, as active participants in shaping public opinion, bear increased responsibility for their statements and actions, as their position can significantly influence the stability of the state, social cohesion, and the international reputation of the country.The article provides examples of legislative regulation of political and legal responsibility in different countries. Based on international experience, the study examines cases of legal prosecution of intellectuals for war propaganda, undermining information security, state treason, or incitement to hatred. It also analyzes mechanisms for restricting freedom of speech, academic freedoms, and professional activities during wartime and outlines the risks of transforming political responsibility into an instrument of political repression in non-democratic regimes.The results of the study confirm that an effective model of political and legal responsibility of intellectuals must be based on adherence to the principles of the rule of law, democratic standards for the protection of human rights, and the balance between national security needs and freedom of expression. The generalization of international experience provides a basis for formulating practical recommendations for improving the mechanisms of regulating the responsibility of intellectuals in Ukraine under conditions of martial law.