Spatiotemporal Patterns of Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) Movement

Understanding long-term movement ecology is critical for conserving endangered species; however, comprehensive spatiotemporal analyses remain limited. In this study, we leveraged a decade-long GPS tracking dataset (2014-2024) of 31 endangered Crested Ibis (<i>Nipponia nippon</i>) individuals to elucidate their spatiotemporal behavioral patterns. The study focused on three key aspects: (1) fidelity to nesting, foraging, and roosting sites; (2) movement patterns and their ecological drivers; and (3) foraging habitat preferences across regions and activity periods. The results revealed exceptional fidelity to nesting, foraging (mean value = 0.253), and roosting sites (mean value = 0.261), underscoring the species' pronounced spatial memory. Temporal factors emerged as the primary drivers of movement patterns, demonstrated by a significant annual reduction in home range size (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and a decline in daily flight distance in 2019 (β = -1890 ± 772 m, <i>p</i> < 0.05) and 2022 (<i>p</i> = 0.052). Behavioral factors also significantly influenced daily flight distance, with notable variations across different activity periods. Foraging habitat selection exhibited considerable spatial heterogeneity (14.2% constrained variance, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Cultivated lands, particularly paddy fields (Yangxian population) and drylands (Tongchuan population), served as core foraging zones. In contrast, spatiotemporal variables such as age had limited effects (<5% variance). This study provides the first empirical evidence of long-term site fidelity and habitat partitioning in the Crested Ibis, emphasizing the importance of landscape-level conservation planning. To this end, we propose two targeted strategies: establishing habitat corridors to enhance connectivity and safeguarding stable foraging areas within agricultural landscapes. These findings contribute to movement ecology theory while offering actionable frameworks for endangered species management.