Use of Treadmill for Children Diagnosed with ADHD as Physical Activity for Improving Attention, Impulse Control and Executive Functioning

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which significantly affect cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. While pharmacological and behavioral therapies remain standard, physical activity (PA)—including both digital and non-digital modalities—has emerged as a promising complementary approach due to its influence on executive functions, emotional regulation, and neurobiological processes. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of structured PA on ADHD-related symptoms, specifically attention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, conduct, executive functioning, and emotional regulation. Methods: Children aged 6–10 years with ADHD participated in treadmill-based PA interventions, including forward walking, backward walking, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) braiding walk. Sessions were conducted three times per week for six weeks. Pre- and post-intervention outcomes were analysed. Results: Consistent participation in PA was associated with improvements in executive functions, attention, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility among children with ADHD. Conclusions: Structured PA may serve as a valuable complementary intervention for managing ADHD, with potential benefits for cognitive performance, emotional regulation, and comorbidity management.