Rising global burden of migraine among adolescents and young adults: a 30-year analysis (1990–2021)

Global migraine burden surged (1990-2021), with high-SDI regions facing highest DALYs and low-SDI areas underdiagnosed. AYA (10-14, especially females) show peak incidence due to hormonal/social factors. Despite projected ASR decline, cases will rise, demanding precision interventions: healthcare access, sex-specific strategies, and school-based programs. Urgent global efforts are required to promote equitable access to migraine care and prevention, as well as to advance research on emerging risk factors, such as air pollution, prolonged screen exposure, chronic stress, academic pressure, and others.