A Comparative Study on Selected Species of Earthworms for Recycling of Different Organic Wastes and Bioremediation of Heavy Metals

Vermiculture represents a sustainable and eco-efficient strategy for managing organic waste by harnessing earthworms to transform biodegradable residues into nutrient-rich compost. This review critically evaluates the performance of Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Perionyx excavatus in converting diverse wastes ranging from crop residues and kitchen waste to fruit peels and plant litter into high-value vermicompost. Emphasis placed on their capacity to enhance physicochemical properties, accelerate nutrient mineralization, and stimulate beneficial microbial activity. The potential of vermicompost in immobilizing toxic heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Zn etc., also highlighted, underscoring its dual role in soil restoration and environmental remediation. Overall, vermicomposting emerges as a low-cost, scalable, and environmentally sound technology with transformative potential for sustainable agriculture. Future research must focus on closing knowledge gaps, optimizing operational conditions, and mainstreaming vermicomposting in integrated solid waste management frameworks.