Nutritional, ethno-medicinal and pharmacological characteristics of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.)

The majority of walnut harvested in Kashmir originated from seedling-grown trees. Notably, walnuts only nut crop with substantial economic value in the region of Jammu and Kashmir. Approximately 71 % of the worlds' walnut production comes from countries situated along the historical silk route, which collectively host a significant portion of both cultivated and wild walnut orchards. Walnuts are grown commercially almost across the globe for its high demand and nutritional importance. Rich in protein and essential fatty acids, particularly Omega-3, walnuts are considered a highly nutritious nut crop and are often referred to as “Imperial Nuts” due to their remarkable health benefits. Various plant parts viz. leaves, roots, stem and fruits contain several bioactive compounds such as polyphenolic chemicals, flavonoids and alkaloids. One notable compound found in walnuts is juglone, a significant anti-cancer agent known for its therapeutic potential. . Walnuts have long been used in traditional and Ayurveda medicine for treating a variety of human health issues, including hair fall and skin illness. This systematic review compiles and synthesizes existing information regarding the nutritional composition, ethno-medicinal and traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological significance of walnut.