Utilizing the Strut-and-Tie Model for the Design and Analysis of Deep Beams

Abstract Reinforced concrete deep beams, distinguished by a low shear span-to-depth ratio, exhibit complex, nonlinear strain distributions that render conventional beam theory inadequate. The Strut-and-Tie Model (STM) offers a sophisticated yet practical framework for analyzing and designing such structures by conceptualizing internal stresses through truss like systems of compressive struts and tensile ties. This paper presents a dual-method approach - a detailed manual calculation and an advanced case study using CAST software providing a step-by-step tutorial that bridges theoretical principles with practical application. The study meticulously explores critical phases, including force path determination, nodal classification, and reinforcement optimization, adhering to Eurocode 2 standards. Results demonstrate that STM achieves high accuracy in predicting both local and global stress responses, while ensuring structural safety and efficiency. The strong correlation between manual and computational outcomes underscores the method’s reliability and adaptability for complex structural challenges, reinforcing its value in modern engineering design.