An empirical study on the impact of change granularity in refactoring detection

Detecting refactorings in commit history is essential to improve comprehension to code changes on code reviews, and to provide valuable information for empirical studies on software evolution. Techniques have been proposed to accurately detect refactorings on the granularity of a single commit. However, refactorings can be made over multiple commits because of their complexity or other practical development problems, which cause detecting on only the granularity of a single commit not enough. We observe that some refactorings can only be detected in coarser granularity, i.e., changes conducted over multiple commits, or in the granularity of a single commit but not in coarse-grained. We call these types of refactorings as coarse-grained refactorings (CGRs) and ephemeral refactorings (EPRs). We investigated the features and causes of CGRs and EPRs through an empirical study of 32 open-source Java projects and found that both commonly occur during development. In addition, we found that refactoring types related to splitting or merging classes and packages, as well as those involving modifications to the inheritance structure, tend to be CGRs, and types targeting small objects such as variables and attributes, and refactorings with context-sensitive detection criteria tend to be EPRs. The causes of CGRs and EPRs are analyzed and categorized, and the relationships between the commit messages of CGRs and themselves are also assessed. We found that about 20% of commit messages explicitly suggest the existence of CGRs. We suggest that CGRs and EPRs be valued in refactoring research and that detectors be extended to identify CGRs. Editor’s note: Open Science material was validated by the Journal of Systems and Software Open Science Board. • Refactorings performed across multiple commits are common. • Refactorings not detectable across multiple commits are common. • Misalignment exists between refactoring application granularity and change recording granularity. • Developers sometimes explicitly suggest the existence of coarse-grained refactorings.