Biosafety in the age of Biotechnology: Challenges and opportunities with genetically modified organisms

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have emerged as a product of biotechnological advancements, raising concerns about biosafety and regulatory frameworks. This review explores the intersection of GMO technology and biosafety, covering its evolution, applications as well as regulatory measures. Scientists have used recombinant DNA technology, a mechanism for genetic manipulation to alter organisms. This has significant implications for organismal phenotypes and protein production. GMOs hold significant promise for agriculture, medicine, and industry offering potential benefits for food security and national development. However, concerns remain regarding their environmental impact and human health risks. These concerns include transgene transfer, biodiversity loss, and potential health implications, alongside regulatory frameworks, and risk management strategies. Several international agreements, like the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, aim to regulate GMOs and safeguard biodiversity. Pakistan has implemented Biosafety Rules of 2005 and has established the regulatory bodies like the National Biosafety Committee (NBC). Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton, a genetically modified crop, is grown in Pakistan. Several studies on food safety and environmental safety have been carried out about BT Cotton's biosafety concerns. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution, applications, risks, and regulatory landscape of GMOs, offering insights into their role in sustainable development and biosafety governance.