From Blood Count Parameters to ROP Risk: Early Hematological Predictors in Preterm Infants

<i>Background and Objectives</i>: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) persists as a major global cause of preventable childhood blindness. While early diagnosis and timely intervention can significantly mitigate visual loss, research is increasingly focused on identifying novel prognostic factors, with hematological markers emerging as a promising avenue for refining ROP risk prediction. This study aimed to assess the association of hemoglobin levels, red blood cell count, platelet count, and blood transfusions with the risk of developing ROP. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: We conducted a retrospective study involving 140 preterm infants (gestational age ≤ 34 weeks) admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit between 2021 and 2024. Hematological parameters were monitored sequentially during the first 28 days of life, and ROP screening was performed in accordance with international guidelines. Statistical analyses evaluated associations between hematological markers and the risk of developing ROP. <i>Results</i>: Anemia prevalence was significantly higher in infants who developed ROP (83.1%) compared with those who did not (60.3%), conferring an increased risk of ROP (OR = 3.239; <i>p</i> = 0.001). Red blood cell transfusions were linked to a higher likelihood of developing ROP (OR = 3.088; <i>p</i> = 0.001), while platelet transfusions showed a similar association (OR = 2.807; <i>p</i> = 0.027). Platelet counts were significantly lower on days 7, 14, and 21 in the ROP group, and thrombocytopenia was associated with an elevated risk of disease (OR = 3.542; <i>p</i> = 0.001). <i>Conclusions</i>: Early hematological imbalances (anemia, thrombocytopenia) and the requirement for blood product transfusions are significantly associated with an increased risk of ROP. Integrating the monitoring of these specific parameters into existing ROP screening protocols could enhance early identification of vulnerable preterm infants, enabling more targeted surveillance and potential preventative strategies.