Beyond Duality

This article explores the concept of “nothingness” in the Advaita Vedānta and Madhyamaka traditions of Indian Buddhism, analysing their convergences, divergences, and broader implications within Indian philosophical traditions. Both systems emphasize the transcendence of duality and the limitations of ordinary perception in realizing ultimate truth. For Advaita Vedānta, Brahman—the singular, eternal essence—is the sole reality, with the phenomenal world regarded as an illusion (māyā). Liberation arises through self-realization, where one recognizes the unity of self (atman) and Brahman. Conversely, Madhyamaka Buddhism denies the existence of any inherent essence, positing emptiness (Śūnyatā) as the nature of all phenomena. Liberation in this framework involves the cessation of clinging and the realization of interdependence. The article contextualizes these philosophies within their socio-cultural milieus, revealing how their metaphysical claims respond to existential and ethical concerns. While Advaita seeks to unify diversity through non-dualism, Madhyamaka challenges rigid constructs, emphasizing relational existence. Comparative analysis highlights shared principles, such as the critique of ego-based delusion and the transformative power of wisdom, alongside distinct soteriological paths rooted in their metaphysical differences. By engaging with these traditions, the article not only underscores their philosophical richness, but also explores their relevance to contemporary issues, including existential anxiety and ethical dilemmas.