Accuracy and Failure Rate of Mini-implant Insertion Using Three-dimensional Printed Surgical Guides: A Systematic Review

diameter also have a crucial influence on their success.In addition to other factors, such as the arch where the MS inserted (maxilla or mandible), the site of insertion (buccal, lingual, or alveolar ridge), and the bone quality in that area. IntroductIonMini-implants in clinical practice are indispensable anchorage sources. 1,2 Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) facilitate appropriate biomechanics when anchorage management is critical. 3Among the several types of TADs, miniscrews (MSs) are used most commonly.The advantages of the MSs are their small size, low cost, streamlined insertion and removal surgical procedures, immediate load, and finally providing adequate anchorage to enable orthodontic movements. [3]4][5] Mini-implants are available in materials, such as stainless steel and titanium alloy.Titanium alloy is preferred for its superior strength, and stainless steel implants are used for its mechanical properties, cost effectiveness, and ease of manufacture. 6 Miniscrew should be stable till the completion of orthodontic treatment.If the screw showed signs of looseness, mobility, or inflammation that necessitated its removal or relocation, the MS would be considered a failure.MSs' failure can be attributed to multiple factors: patient-related and MS-related factors. 7Patient's sex, age, bone quality, medical condition, oral hygiene, smoking habit, and craniofacial skeletal pattern could affect the stability and failure rate of the inserted MSs. 8 Moreover, the MS's length and 1,