Risk factors and prediction model for massive transfusion during cesarean section in singleton pregnancies with anterior placenta previa, prior caesarean and prenatal suspicion of placenta accreta spectrum: a retrospective case-control study

Independent risk factors for MT included emergency surgery, PASUSS score, preoperative hemoglobin level, clinical staging of PAS, and one-step conservative surgery. The nomogram constructed from these variables serves as an effective prediction model for identifying MT in singleton pregnancies characterized by APP, prior CS, and prenatal suspicion of PAS.