Obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities: a current perspective from diagnosis to treatment

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is a significant health condition characterized by recurrent upper airway obstructions during sleep, with widespread systemic consequences. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of OSAS, encompassing its pathophysiological foundations, risk factors, clinical manifestations, associated comorbidities, and contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. OSAS not only impairs sleep quality but also adversely affects cardiovascular, metabolic, neurocognitive, and psychological health, thereby reducing both lifespan and quality of life. While polysomnography remains the gold standard for diagnosis, home sleep tests and subjective assessment tools are increasingly utilized in clinical practice. Treatment approaches vary depending on disease severity and individual characteristics, ranging from lifestyle modifications and positive airway pressure devices to oral appliances and surgical interventions. In recent years, promising innovations such as neurostimulation and pharmacotherapy have emerged in OSAS management. This review highlights the multidimensional impact of OSAS at both individual and societal levels, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and integrated treatment strategies.