Designing a Cross-Cultural Bridging Intervention to Increase Under-Served Immigrant Parents’ Engagement in Evidence-Based Online Parenting Programs: A Co-Design Study with Indian-Origin Parents in Australia

<b>Background:</b> One in seven youth experiences a mental disorder, accounting for 13% of the global disease burden. The family environment is a modifiable factor for the prevention of mental disorders. While evidence-based online parenting programs exist, engagement by immigrant families, such as Indian-origin families in Australia, remains low. <b>Objective:</b> To explore perceived barriers of Indian-origin parents and co-create strategies to build cross-cultural bridging interventions to increase their engagement in parenting programs. <b>Method:</b> A qualitative co-design method was used, and participants were selected using a set of inclusion criteria through a criterion-based sampling approach. Eight videoconference workshops were conducted with 23 Indian-origin parents living across Australia, incorporating scenarios, roleplay, and vignettes. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke's inductive coding approach. <b>Results:</b> One central theme and six design principles were developed. The central theme, <i>low engagement with parenting programs</i>, encompassed five factors that contribute to low engagement: 'parenting programs' is not a concept in India; limited awareness of parenting programs available in Australia; lack of time to engage in parenting programs; misalignment between parenting program content and real-world parenting challenges; and an 'I know how to parent' mindset. The six design principles were: acknowledge culture shock and acculturation; use a collaborative approach; include content specific to immigrant parents and children; adopt cross-cultural perspectives; use short and interactive bilingual pedagogic tools; and use focused dissemination and marketing. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study's findings formed the foundation for developing a cross-cultural bridging intervention to connect Indian-origin parents with existing online parenting programs.