Synergizing clean water, renewable energy, and circularity: a critical study of microbial fuel cells

The improper management of wastewater, leading to its contamination of clean water sources, results in water pollution, ecological degradation, and significant health hazards. Addressing these challenges requires the removal of pollutants from wastewater streams and their reintegration into the water cycle to protect environmental health and public well-being. However, the goal is not merely to eliminate pollutants but to repurpose them as valuable resources, aligning with the principles of sustainability. Concurrently, the rising demand for energy and the depletion of conventional resources necessitates the adoption of renewable alternatives. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent an innovative solution, enabling the conversion of organic compounds in wastewater into electrical energy while simultaneously producing clean water. Despite their potential, MFCs face significant challenges related to scalability and technical limitations that hinder their widespread application. To enhance the practicality of MFCs, it is crucial to investigate the parameters influencing their performance and explore advancements in areas such as electrode materials, microbial communities, and operational conditions. This study aims to evaluate the constraints on MFC performance and efficiency in the dual roles of sustainable energy generation and wastewater treatment. It further seeks to propose innovative approaches to support the real-world implementation of MFCs as a cornerstone technology for promoting a circular economy and advancing global sustainability goals. • Clean Water Generation: Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) treat wastewater while simultaneously producing electricity. • Renewable Energy Source: MFCs harness bioenergy from organic waste using microbial metabolism. • Circular Economy Integration: MFCs promote resource recovery—clean water, energy, and nutrients—from waste streams. • Sustainability Potential: They offer low-carbon, decentralized solutions for water-energy nexus challenges.