Advancements in Electrolyser Efficiency for Scalable Hydrogen Production from Renewable Sources

Hydrogen is increasingly recognised as a key component of decarbonised energy systems, mainly when produced via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources. However, its widespread use is limited by the current electrolyser technologies’ low efficiency, high costs, and challenges with scaling up. This paper examines recent improvements in electrolyser efficiency across major types, including alkaline electrolysers (AEL), proton exchange membrane electrolysers (PEMEL), and solid oxide electrolysers (SOEL). It focuses on thermodynamic performance, material breakthroughs, operational conditions, and system integration approaches that boost energy efficiency and lower hydrogen production costs. Additionally, the study discusses hybrid setups and connection with intermittent renewables like solar and wind, emphasising dynamic operation, load management, and advanced control techniques. The paper ends with insights into research gaps, policy options, and future strategies for large-scale adoption of high-efficiency electrolysers in the global green hydrogen economy.