Structural composition and functional diversities of G proteins in fungi

Heterotrimeric G proteins (G proteins) are important components of G protein signalling pathways, play an important role in cellular activities, and are composed mainly of three subunits: Gα, Gβ, and Gγ. At present, G proteins have been identified and characterised in various fungi, and they play crucial roles in multiple biological processes, such as vegetative growth, carbon source sensing, reproductive development, and pathogenicity. In this review, we focus on the functions and distinctions of each subunit of G proteins in various typical fungal species. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural composition and functional diversities of fungal G proteins, laying a good foundation for further exploring the common and unique functions of the G protein signalling pathways in different fungi.