Reproductive performance and related gene expression in female Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens (Regan, 1910) treated with Homoeopathy medicine Oophorinum

The study investigated the reproductive performance and relative gene expression in Betta splendens treated with an Oophorinum-incorporated diet.The experiment consists of four treatments with replicates at varying levels of the Oophorinum-incorporated diet.Treatments: T1 (without oophorinum), T2 (1% oophorinum), T3 (2% oophorinum), and T4 (3% oophorinum).The subadult female fishes (n = 20) were stocked for 30 days.The result shows that GSI was higher in T4 (8.79%), followed by T3 (8.24%) and T1 (7.77%).Fecundity was higher in T2, followed by T4, and ova diameter was 50-800 m among the treatments.The large-size ova were higher in T4 (57.82%) and lower in T1 (10.39%).Smaller-sized ova were higher in T1 (89.61%) and lower in T4 (42.18%).The estradiol-17 and progesterone levels were maximum in T4 and minimum in T1.Histology of the liver sample in T1 showed an elevated number of vacuoles in the hepatocytes.The expression of the vitellogenin gene and -actin showed high intensity in the liver tissue of T4 and T3, and a very faint band was observed in T1 and T2.In conclusion, oophorinum in diets at 3% shows better results, and incorporating oophorinum in ornamental fish diets could increase reproductive performance without adverse effects.