Health system resilience and pandemic response: a comparative analysis of China, Singapore, the U.S., and the U.K.

This paper elucidates the divergent global responses to the same virus from the original perspective of two types of resilience. Furthermore, the study presents a practice-oriented framework that links health system scale and structure to anti-epidemic policies, thereby moving beyond existing indices like the Global Health Security Index. The findings deliver concrete lessons for improving managerial practices, enhancing preparedness, and informing future healthcare delivery innovations, directly contributing to translating pandemic experience into implementable best practices for strengthening health systems against infectious disease threats.