The Flooding Tolerances of Adzuki Bean and Its Relatives at the Vegetative and Germination Stages

The Vigna genus, a member in Fabaceae family, comprises more than 100 species distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions over the world.Subgenus Ceratotropis is considered one of the most economically important and essential groups in this genus, as many species in this group are commonly used in food and as forage cover crops (Tomooka et al. 2012).Cultivated adzuki bean (Vigna angularis var.angularis [Willd.]Ohwi & Ohashi) and rice bean (Vigna umbellata) are cultivated species in this subgenus, along with their wild relatives, wild adzuki bean (Vigna angularis var.nipponensis) and Vigna nakashimae, are widely distributed in southern Asia (Wang et al. 2019).Adzuki beans contain a high nutrient composition as fibers, proteins, and phenolic compounds and are easily digested due to a low phytate content (Shahrajabian et al. 2019;Wang et al. 2019;