Blockchain-Based Land Tenure Systems: A Conceptual Model for Using Decentralized Technologies in Managing Land Rights and Ownership Disputes

This study develops a conceptual framework for applying blockchain technology to land tenure systems, with the goal of enhancing transparency, equity, and dispute resolution. Land governance in many regions is plagued by fragmented records, legal pluralism, and the systemic exclusion of marginalized groups. Blockchain’s decentralized and immutable architecture offers significant promise for reform, yet its practical application requires more than technical innovation. Through a qualitative, literature-based methodology, the study synthesizes findings from global case examples to identify recurring challenges and enabling conditions for blockchain-enabled land systems. Key dimensions analyzed include legal recognition, participatory governance, digital identity, and geospatial data integration. The proposed framework comprises five interrelated components: a permissioned blockchain ledger, smart contracts mechanism, digital identity and access control, geospatial data integration, and inclusive governance architecture. Unlike techno-centric approaches, the model foregrounds social inclusion, legal interoperability, and the recognition of customary and collective land rights. It is theoretically grounded in legal pluralism, socio-technical systems theory, and data justice. Case examples from countries such as Georgia, Bangladesh, and Kenya demonstrate the framework’s relevance across varied contexts. The study contributes to the emerging discourse on digital land governance by proposing a justice-oriented, modular design that is adaptable to urban, rural, and post-conflict settings. It also cautions against premature or top-down adoption, emphasizing the importance of local engagement, institutional capacity, and legal harmonization in ensuring long-term success.