Sustainable biomaterials for ophthalmic device engineering: a short review

In the field of ophthalmology, the earliest application of “biomaterials” was in cataract surgery, where biomaterials were used as intraocular implants. Since this, the intersections between biotechnology and ophthalmology continue to grow. Biomaterials are materials which interface, augment, or treat biological systems. This review explores the classification, properties, and clinical applications of biomaterials in ophthalmology. We discuss biocompatibility and biomaterial utility in various ocular devices. We highlight both natural and synthetic biomaterials, discussing their respective advantages and limitations in the context of intraocular lenses, implants, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems. Sustainability and its role in advancing ophthalmic biomaterials is also discussed, alongside current challenges in safety and design. We conclude by outlining emerging trends and future directions for more effective, safe, and sustainable biomaterial development in eye care.