Exploring natural convection dynamics of TiO2-water nanofluid in complex geometries via finite volume methodology

• Hydrodynamic behaviour of TiO 2 -water nanofluids within an isosceles wavy rectangular cavity is analyzed. • Efficient heat transfer systems increase, nanofluid enhanced with nanoparticles has become viable options because of their exceptional thermal characteristics are considered. • Numerical treatment is accomplished by using the finite volume methodology (FVM). • Rayleigh number also impacts cooling performance, with an enhancement in the average temperature within the cavity demonstrating enhanced cooling As the demand for efficient heat transfer systems increases, nanofluids enhanced with nanoparticles have become viable options due to their exceptional thermal properties. This paper investigates the thermal and hydrodynamic behavior of TiO 2 -water nanofluids within an isosceles wavy rectangular cavity, focusing on the impact of various physical and geometric parameters on natural convection. The research employs a numerical approach based on the finite volume method (FVM) to analyze the equations governing fluid flow and heat transfer. By varying the Rayleigh numbers, the fractional size of nanoparticles, and the configuration of the heat source, the authors aim to elucidate the complex interactions that govern heat transfer in such geometries. This study combines several physical influences, such as thermal radiation, magnetohydrodynamics, and nanofluid behavior, to provide detailed information about flow patterns and heat transfer features. Its originality stands out by examining how these factors work together in complex shapes, which are not often covered in current research. This contributes to the improvement of thermal management systems in engineering. It is useful for intricate geometries because it divides the computational area into control volumes, applies conservation laws, and solves algebraic equations step by step to determine temperature, velocity, and flow parameters. The study reveals an improvement in convective heat transfer efficiency. The Rayleigh number also affects cooling performance, with an increase in the average temperature within the cavity indicating enhanced cooling. Flow patterns within the cavity show larger recirculation cells as the Hartmann number increases. Thermal radiation effects increase heat transfer rates by up to 15% at higher parameters. The research identifies optimal conditions for maximizing heat transfer and outperforms traditional heat transfer fluids.