Tablet Development of Cemcem (Spondias pinnata (L.f) Kurz): Primojel® Variation and Assessment of Antioxidant Properties

Oxidative stress is a major contributor to degenerative diseases. Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz, commonly known as the Indian hog plum, is locally called Cemcem by the Balinese. Loloh cemcem, a traditional Balinese herbal drink, is rich in phenolics, tannins, vitamin C, and flavonoids, and is believed to possess antioxidant properties. Due to its high water content and limited stability, developing Cemcem leaf extract (CLE) tablets offer a more practical alternative. This study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of Primojel® as a disintegrant and evaluate the antioxidant activity of CLE tablets. Primojel® was tested at 2% (F1), 4% (F2), and 6% (F3). Evaluations included granule (moisture, flowability) and tablet properties (appearance, weight uniformity, friability, disintegration time, hardness). The optimal formula (F3) was reformulated with 2% and 5% CLE (F4 and F5), and antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH assay, expressed as Ascorbic Acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (AEAC). F3 showed ideal physical characteristics: friability (0.71%), disintegration time within acceptable limits, and appropriate hardness (5.77 kg). In contrast, F1 was too hard (8.58 kg), F2 was too soft (3.63 kg) and unstable over time. Antioxidant activity of F4 and F5 was 83.54 ± 0.29 and 170.78 ± 5.71 mg AEAC/100 g, respectively. A 6% Primojel® concentration produced CLE tablets with optimal physical properties and antioxidant potential. These findings support future research to optimize formulation components, enhancing efficacy and stability.