Microbiome of the lymphatic pharyngeal ring and probiotics

The Waldeyer ring contains a complex and dynamic microbiome, the balance of which is of key importance for local and, possibly, systemic health. Various diseases of tonsils, such as recurrent palatine tonsillitis, adenoiditis, including with concomitant otitis media, are characterized by specific dysbiotic processes involving bacteria, fungi and viruses. Orally administered probiotics, especially such specific strains as Streptococcus salivarius K12 and some Lactobacillus species (e.g., L. rhamnosus GG, L. helveticus MIMLh5), demonstrate high potential in modulating the ecosystem of the lymphatic pharyngeal ring. Their mechanisms of action are multifaceted and include direct inhibition of pathogens by bacteriocins, competitive exclusion by adhesion and colonization of LHG surfaces, as well as complex modulation of local immune responses, cytokine production and increased IgA levels. The effectiveness of these interventions depends on the choice of optimal probiotic strains, dosages and delivery methods for various diseases associated with LHK.