Recent development in targeted gene silencing and cancer therapy by stimuli responsive multifunctional nanoparticles-based drug delivery system

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been utilized for cancer treatment due to their ability to transport loaded payloads to the target site in a regulated manner. In contrast to traditional pharmaceuticals, nanoparticle-based drug delivery offers distinct advantages, including greater stability and biocompatibility, improved permeability, retention, and precise targeting capabilities and also overcome cancer-related drug resistance. Cancer drug resistance mechanisms encompass the overexpression of drug efflux transporters, impaired apoptotic pathways, and hypoxic conditions. Multifunctional nanoparticle targets these processes and enhances the reversal of multidrug resistance. Stimuli-responsive nanostructures that react to both endogenous and external stimuli have been utilized for the delivery of natural chemicals in cancer therapy. The multi-responsive behavior of polymeric nanocarriers under endogenous (pH, ionic strength, solvent dissolution, and electrochemical response) and exogenous (fluctuations within the effect of magnetic field or temperature) condition is a crucial aspect of developing ‘smart’ drug delivery systems (DDS), which manage effective dose loading, sustained release and permeability in a very sophisticated manner. This review seeks to emphasize the adaptability of carriers based on smart drug delivery methods. Nanocarriers utilizing nanoparticles as siRNA DDS offer numerous advantages, including enhanced physicochemical properties, a high surface-to-volume ratio, versatility in siRNA encapsulation, dual functionality to shield against extracellular barriers that facilitate elimination and to surmount intracellular barriers hindering cytosolic delivery, as well as potential chemical modifications on the nanoparticle surface to augment stability and targeting. RNA interference (RNAi) inhibits gene expression and is being investigated as a potential therapeutic vehicle for the effective delivery of vulnerable small interfering RNA (siRNA) for the treatment of multiple diseases, including cancer is the spotlight of the article. Altogether, the whole article illustrates that multifaceted biodegradable nanoparticles possess the characteristic which presents them as extremely appropriate toward targeted delivery of therapeutics.