The Relationship Between Mental Health Issues and Criminal Behaviour: a Focus on the Criminal Justice System’s Response

ABSTRACT This research examines the intricate relationship between mental health issues and criminal behaviour, with a particular focus on the response of the criminal justice system. Mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and personality disorders are disproportionately prevalent among incarcerated populations, often exacerbated by inadequate access to early intervention and mental healthcare. While not all individuals with mental illness engage in criminal acts, certain psychiatric conditions can increase vulnerability to behaviours that attract law enforcement attention. The paper critically analyses the legal framework governing the insanity defence, especially Section 84 of the Indian Penal Code, the M’Naghten Rules, exploring challenges in differentiating between genuine and fraudulent claims. It highlights emerging trends wherein media, social platforms, and popular culture may influence criminal tendencies and contribute to evolving methods of homicide. Comparative insights from jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and European nations reveal more flexible and rehabilitative approaches, including doctrines of diminished responsibility and mental impairment tests, which balance accountability with treatment. The research also addresses the role of the media in shaping public perceptions of mentally ill offenders, often perpetuating stigma and influencing policy responses. The study concludes by advocating for systemic reforms, including enhanced psychiatric evaluation protocols, specialised legal training, improved prison mental healthcare, and integration of rehabilitative measures into sentencing. By bridging the gap between mental health policy and criminal law, the justice system can ensure both the protection of society and the fair treatment of individuals with mental illness.