Range anxiety mitigation through blockchain-based mobile charging delivery service in Internet of Electric Vehicles

Sensor-rich Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) have transformed it into the Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV). Identified challenges in climate-friendly and low-carbon footprint EVs are: First, range anxiety due to the unavailability of charging stations, battery charging duration and capacity in EV users. Second, the threat of privacy leakage and the limitations of software-based security in IoEV. Third is the absence of a mechanism to ensure the delivery of the promised battery and to verify delivery. The proposed framework focused on reducing range anxiety through the delivery of swappable EV batteries at locations as Mobile Charging Delivery Service (MCDS). The software and hardware-level security is provided by the integration of blockchain and Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs). A Proof-of-Promised Battery (PoPB) mechanism is also introduced to ensure the delivery. Experimental results and Scyther tool analysis prove the effectiveness of the proposed framework and its superiority over recent works. • Present a blockchain and PUFs-based secure MCDS framework to mitigate range anxiety in IoEV. • Proof-of-Promised Battery (PoPB) for battery authentication in IoEV. • Lightweight initial authentication and authentication handover system for IoEV. • Blockchain and PUFs-based secure authentication token. • An enhanced credit score system to counter the service default.