Exosome Therapy for Cancer Treatment: Drug Delivery Tools

Exosomes are vesicles that naturally transport molecules between cells and have emerged as promising systems for cancer therapy. Exosomes have a lipid bilayer membrane on their surface that contains glycoproteins, tetraspanins, and receptors. DNA and microRNA (miRNA) are enclosed inside the exosomes. Due to their ability to deliver drugs, proteins, and miRNAs, they offer a selective, stable alternative to traditional cancer treatments, which often have severe side effects. Exosomes can be engineered to target cancer cells more effectively, reducing tumor growth and enhancing immune responses. The method for isolating them is broken down into three main parts: (1) initial steps before isolation that involve obtaining fluids containing exosomes, focusing on protocols for organ explants and cell cultures; (2) The actual process of exosome isolation, which includes various gradient options; and (3) procedures conducted after isolation to assess the purity and quantity of the exosomal fraction. However, challenges like production efficiency and standardization still need to be overcome. Artificial exosomes, which combine the benefits of natural and synthetic systems, are being developed to meet these needs. Future research could focus on optimizing exosome engineering techniques and exploring their applications in various cancer therapies.