Strategizing the fusion energy future: A multi-criteria framework for developing nations

• A novel hybrid framework ranks fusion energy strategies for developing nations. • Global collaboration is found to be the most effective and robust entry strategy. • Findings recommend a phased approach: international engagement then local capacity. • Dual-method analysis with simulation confirms the stability of the ranking Fusion energy presents a transformative, long-term solution to the dual challenges of energy insecurity and climate vulnerability confronting developing nations. However, their participation is constrained by unique financial, infrastructural, and institutional barriers distinct from those in advanced economies. To bridge this gap, a structured approach is required to identify viable pathways for engagement that are both ambitious and pragmatic. This paper develops and applies a novel hybrid analytical framework that systematically integrates PESTLE and SWOT analyses to define strategic criteria, employs Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) for prioritization, and leverages Monte Carlo simulation to robustly test the sensitivity of the rankings. The framework yields a prioritized roadmap, identifying international collaboration (A1) as the optimal initial strategy, ranking first in 78% of Monte Carlo simulations. This output is designed to inform evidence-based policies, guide strategic investment, and ensure the equitable integration of developing nations into the global fusion energy ecosystem. While the framework provides a universal prioritization logic, the specific strategic weights and outcomes are expert-derived, underscoring the need for context-specific adaptation by national policymakers.